国产精品亚洲综合专区片高清,一区二区国产高清视频在线,中国小呦呦呦呦呦精品,av无码国产麻豆映画传媒

English

制藥環(huán)境微生物監(jiān)測怎么做?——國內(nèi)外法規(guī)要求匯總

發(fā)布時間:2025-07-04    瀏覽次數(shù):40

在藥品生產(chǎn)過程中,醫(yī)藥企業(yè)對微生物的污染控制負(fù)主體責(zé)任,定期的環(huán)境微生物監(jiān)測工作對生產(chǎn)環(huán)境的維護尤為關(guān)鍵,微生物監(jiān)測包括環(huán)境浮游菌和沉降菌,關(guān)鍵的檢測臺面,人員操作服表面及5指手套等的微生物監(jiān)測。除了微生物監(jiān)測方法和監(jiān)測標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等,本期主要結(jié)合國內(nèi)外法規(guī)和指南為大家分享環(huán)境微生物的檢測“頻次”相關(guān)內(nèi)容。

中國藥典2020版9205指導(dǎo)原則

9205“藥品潔凈實驗室微生物監(jiān)測和控制指導(dǎo)原則”是藥品潔凈實驗室對微生物監(jiān)測和控制最重要的參考原則,同時也成為潔凈廠房相關(guān)參數(shù)制訂的首要依據(jù),9205建議企業(yè)按照表4設(shè)置監(jiān)測頻次:

推薦的藥品潔凈實驗室的監(jiān)測頻次及監(jiān)測項目

如果出現(xiàn)連續(xù)超過糾偏限和警戒限、關(guān)鍵區(qū)域內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)有污染微生物存在、空氣凈化系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行任何重大的維修、消毒規(guī)程改變、設(shè)備有重大維修或增加、潔凈室(區(qū))結(jié)構(gòu)或區(qū)域分布有重大變動、引起微生物污染的事故、日常操作記錄反映出傾向性的數(shù)據(jù)時應(yīng)重新評估監(jiān)測程序的合理性。

藥品GMP指南-質(zhì)量控制實驗室與物料系統(tǒng)

藥品GMP指南在藥品生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量管理規(guī)范中起到重要指導(dǎo)意義,《藥品GMP指南-質(zhì)量控制實驗室與物料系統(tǒng)》中,第13章“制藥用水、氣體及實驗室環(huán)境、人員的質(zhì)量監(jiān)測”-13.4“實驗室潔凈區(qū)的環(huán)境監(jiān)測”,建議微生物監(jiān)測頻次參照表13-6

推薦的藥品潔凈實驗室的監(jiān)測頻次及監(jiān)測項目

取樣頻次根據(jù)以下因素不同而不同:產(chǎn)品的種類及特性、設(shè)備/流程的設(shè)計、人員活動的多少、微生物環(huán)境監(jiān)測的歷史數(shù)據(jù)等。頻次的設(shè)定應(yīng)具體情況具體分析、監(jiān)測頻次設(shè)定的關(guān)鍵是要能反映系統(tǒng)的潛在風(fēng)險。在以下情況,應(yīng)增加環(huán)境取樣頻率:

? 環(huán)境監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)有上升趨勢時,應(yīng)增加相應(yīng)區(qū)域的監(jiān)測位點頻率;
? 安裝新設(shè)備,改造現(xiàn)有設(shè)備時,可增加現(xiàn)有位點的頻率;
? 增加操作人員或操作班次時,根據(jù)操作范圍和時間增加位點和頻率;
? 改變無菌操作技術(shù);
? 無菌實驗和環(huán)境監(jiān)測超標(biāo)時,要增加相應(yīng)檢驗區(qū)域的環(huán)境監(jiān)測頻率。例如,當(dāng)最終產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)陽性結(jié)果時,實驗室應(yīng)當(dāng)增加環(huán)境監(jiān)測頻率。

產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)陽性結(jié)果時,實驗室應(yīng)當(dāng)增加環(huán)境監(jiān)測頻率。

如果有歷史數(shù)據(jù)表明監(jiān)測結(jié)果比較穩(wěn)定,也可適當(dāng)減少頻次。在減少頻次之前,應(yīng)回顧歷史數(shù)據(jù),并且經(jīng)由質(zhì)量保證人員復(fù)核并批準(zhǔn)后方可執(zhí)行。減少頻次之后,應(yīng)定期回顧,以確保該頻次仍適用。

USP <1116> Microbiological Control and Monitoring of Aseptic Processing Environment 美國藥典無菌工藝環(huán)境的微生物控制和監(jiān)測

在USP <1116> Establishment of Sampling Plan and Sites制定取樣方案和取樣區(qū)域的章節(jié)中描述到:

Table 2 suggests frequencies of sampling in decreasing order of frequency and in relation to the criticality or product risk of the area being sampled. This table distinguishes between aseptic processing where personnel are aseptically gowned and those where a lesser gowning is appropriate. Environmental monitoring sampling plans should be flexible with respect to monitoring frequencies, and sample plan locations should be adjusted on the basis of the observed rate of contamination and ongoing risk analysis. On the basis of long-term observations, manufacturers may increase or decrease sampling at a given location or eliminate a sampling location altogether. Oversampling can be as deleterious to contamination control as undersampling, and careful consideration of risk and reduction of contamination sources can guide the sampling intensity.
表2根據(jù)取樣區(qū)域的關(guān)鍵性或產(chǎn)品風(fēng)險,按頻率遞減順序列出了對應(yīng)的取樣頻率。該表區(qū)分了人員需要穿無菌服的無菌工藝操作和需要穿較少無菌服的無菌工藝操作。環(huán)境監(jiān)測采樣計劃在監(jiān)測頻率方面應(yīng)具有靈活性,采樣計劃的位置應(yīng)根據(jù)觀察到的污染率和持續(xù)的風(fēng)險分析進(jìn)行調(diào)整。根據(jù)長期觀察結(jié)果,制藥企業(yè)可以增加或減少特定地點的采樣,或完全取消某個采樣位置。采樣過多和采樣不足一樣,都會對污染控制產(chǎn)生不利影響,因此,仔細(xì)考慮風(fēng)險和減少污染源可為采樣強度提供指導(dǎo)。

Suggested Frequency of Sampling on the Basis of Criticality of Controlled Environment

EU Annex1 Manufacture of Sterile Products歐盟GMP附錄1-《無菌藥品生產(chǎn)》依據(jù)歐盟GMP附錄1中的第9章節(jié),環(huán)境監(jiān)測應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定:

9.25 A risk assessment should evaluate the locations, type and frequency of personnel monitoring based on the activities performed and the proximity to critical zones. Monitoring should include sampling of personnel at periodic intervals during the process. Sampling of personnel should be performed in such a way that it will not compromise the process. Particular consideration should be given to monitoring personnel following involvement in critical interventions (at a minimum gloves, but may require monitoring of areas of gown as applicable to the process) and on each exit from the grade B cleanroom (gloves and gown). Where monitoring of gloves is performed after critical interventions, the outer gloves should be replaced prior to continuation of activity. Where monitoring of gowns is required after critical interventions, the gown should be replaced before further activity in the cleanroom.
風(fēng)險評估應(yīng)根據(jù)所執(zhí)行的活動以及與關(guān)鍵區(qū)域的接近程度,對人員監(jiān)測的位置、類型和頻次進(jìn)行評估。監(jiān)測應(yīng)包括在工藝過程中定期進(jìn)行人員監(jiān)測采樣。人員監(jiān)測采樣應(yīng)以不影響工藝過程的方式進(jìn)行。對于人員監(jiān)測,參與關(guān)鍵干預(yù)操作后(至少包括手套,但可能需要監(jiān)測適用于工藝的潔凈服區(qū)城)以及每次離開 B 級潔凈室時(手套和潔凈服),應(yīng)特別考慮。如果在關(guān)鍵干預(yù)操作后監(jiān)測手套,則應(yīng)在繼續(xù)活動之前更換外層手套。如果在關(guān)鍵干預(yù)操作后需要監(jiān)測潔凈服,則應(yīng)在潔凈室進(jìn)一步活動之前更換潔凈服

9.31 (c) It should be noted that for grade A, any growth should result in an investigation.
應(yīng)注意,對于A級區(qū),任何生長都需啟動調(diào)查程序

9.31 Microorganisms detected in the grade A and grade B areas should be identified to species level and the potential impact of such microorganisms on product quality (for each batch implicated) and overall state of control should be evaluated. Consideration should also be given to the identification of microorganisms detected in grade C and D areas (for example where action limits or alert levels are exceeded) or following the isolation of organisms that may indicate a loss of control, deterioration in cleanliness or that may be difficult to control such as spore-forming microorganisms and moulds and at a sufficient frequency to maintain a current understanding of the typical flora of these areas.
應(yīng)對A級和B級區(qū)檢出的微生物進(jìn)行鑒定,并應(yīng)評估此類微生物對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量(涉及的每個批次)和整體受控狀態(tài)的潛在影響。還應(yīng)考慮對C級和D級區(qū)檢出的微生物進(jìn)行鑒定(例如,超出行動限或警戒水平),或在分離出可能表明失控、潔凈度惡化的微生物或難以控制的微生物(例如可形成孢子的微生物和霉菌)后進(jìn)行鑒定,并以足夠的頻率保持對這些區(qū)域的典型菌群的最新了解。

《藥品GMP指南-無菌制劑》

在《藥品GMP指南-無菌制劑》14.4環(huán)境監(jiān)測風(fēng)險評估章節(jié)-監(jiān)測頻率評估中提到,潔凈區(qū)取樣頻率采用的是隨區(qū)域重要性遞減(如關(guān)鍵區(qū)域、關(guān)鍵區(qū)域的鄰近區(qū)域、其他非鄰近區(qū)域等)或隨取樣產(chǎn)品風(fēng)險遞減而漸減的原則,并在表14-21提供了實例分析:

某公司無菌工藝生產(chǎn)潔凈環(huán)境的常規(guī)取樣頻率和監(jiān)測項目

綜合上述法規(guī)和指南,有一部分關(guān)于取樣頻率的要求,但還有一些工藝流程的監(jiān)測頻率,在各個工廠里會有很大差異,這取決于對風(fēng)險的分析。這些分析包括但不限于:生產(chǎn)工藝或產(chǎn)品的類型、設(shè)施或工藝的設(shè)計、人為干預(yù)因素的數(shù)量、是否使用最終滅菌(包括無菌測試放行、參數(shù)放行)和微生物環(huán)境的歷史數(shù)據(jù)。沒有任何一個單一的取樣方案適用于所有環(huán)境。

同時,隨著季節(jié)的變化,微生物的檢出數(shù)量可能會發(fā)生變化,設(shè)計出來的取樣頻率計劃應(yīng)以能發(fā)現(xiàn)這些變化,進(jìn)而持續(xù)改善。選擇監(jiān)測頻率的一個關(guān)鍵目標(biāo)是能夠識別潛在的對產(chǎn)品造成污染風(fēng)險的系統(tǒng)缺陷。頻率改變后,需要定期復(fù)核數(shù)據(jù)以證明改變的取樣頻率是否仍舊合理。

參考資料
[1] 國家藥典委員會.中華人民共和國藥典2020年版第四部,9205《藥品潔凈室實驗室微生物監(jiān)測和控制指導(dǎo)原則》. 北京:中國醫(yī)藥科技出版社, 2020
[2] 國家藥品監(jiān)督管理局食品藥品審核查驗中心. 藥品GMP指南-質(zhì)量控制實驗室與物料系統(tǒng). 北京:中國醫(yī)藥科技出版社,2023.
[3] USP Microbiological Control and Monitoring of Aseptic Processing Environments
[4] EU Annex1 Manufacture of Sterile Products
[5] 國家藥品監(jiān)督管理局食品藥品審核查驗中心. 藥品GMP指南-無菌制劑. 北京:中國醫(yī)藥科技出版社,2023.

本文由環(huán)凱轉(zhuǎn)載自“浙江天科”GZH,版權(quán)歸原作者~所有,僅供學(xué)習(xí)參考,如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系刪除!